King Louis XI died on 30 August 1483. Later, Louis appointed Georges d' Amboise as the permanent governor of Milan. Succeeded by Francis I: Louis XII, Roi de France. Proclaimed King of Naples, Louis faced a new coalition gathered by Ferdinand II of Aragon and was forced to cede Naples to Spain in 1504. • Tenth generation descendant of Louis IX in the male line • Grandnephew of Francis I • Second cousin, and by first marriage brother-in-law of Francis II, Charles IX and Henry III King of France and of Navarre (Roi de France et de Navarre) Louis XIII the Just (Louis XIII le Juste) 14 May 1610: 14 May 1643 • … Born to Louise of Savoy, on 12 September 1494 Francis I was the son of Charles, Count of Angoulême. However, before initiating any war Louis XII needed to deal with the international threats that he faced. Pope Alexander VI, however, had political reasons to grant the annulment, and ruled against Joan accordingly. Louis XII was severely criticized by contemporary historians including Niccolò Machiavelli;[42] Machiavelli's criticism of Louis XII is contained in his work The Prince. The succession to the throne of France followed Salic Law, which did not allow women to inherit the throne. John F. Kennedy’s Warning to the Republic. [44] As the army approached Rome, Spanish and French ambassadors notified Pope Alexander VI of the thus far secret Treaty of Grenada, signed 11 November 1500, which divided the Kingdom of Naples between France and Spain. He subsequently took part in the Italian War of 1494–1498 as one of the French commanders. Vey i a HUSTLE a Louis XII and Francis I may have been history's most clever little jackass. [56] In the early hours of 1 January 1515, he received the final sacraments and died later that evening. Anne of Brittany had predeceased Louis XII; her … Early French Renaissance Château of Blois, Louis XII Wing ca. [32] The French army that Marshal Trivulzio now commanded consisted of 27,000 men of which 10,000 were mounted. [37] Louis XII raised another army under Louis de La Trémoille and sent him to recapture Milan. 42, 1854: "Louis XI compelled him to marry his deformed and sterile daughter Joan, threatening him with death by drowning, if he refused. [44] However, when news of the rape of Capua spread throughout southern Italy, resistance to the French vanished. [40] Nonetheless, Louis XII pursued the claim with vigor. On 24 December 1514, Louis was reportedly suffering from a severe case of gout. He repudiated this treaty the moment he was safely back in France. Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics. This marriage allowed Louis to reinforce the personal Union of Brittany and France. Francis was less than 2 years old when his father died and only 4 years old when he became heir apparent to the throne. Faced with the return of the French and his own greatly reduced force, Sforza decided to slip out of Milan as he had done previously. After Louis XII's predecessor Charles VIII died childless, Louis' marriage was annulled in order to allow him to marry Charles’ widow, the former Queen-Consort, Anne of Brittany (1477–1514), who was the daughter and heiress of Francis II of Brittany, in a strategy meant to integrate the duchy of Brittany into the French monarchy. The king wished, by a union considered sterile, to extinguish this rival collateral dynasty. Louis XII, Francis I, Henry II, Charles IX.. Free for commercial use, no attribution required. To assert his claim to his half of the Kingdom of Naples, Louis XII sent an army under the command of Bernard Stuart of Aubigny composed of 1,000 lances, 10,000 infantrymen including 5,000 Swiss troops to Naples in early June 1501. In mid-January 1500, his army crossed the border into the Duchy of Milan and marched toward the city of Milan. Thus, Anne's eldest daughter, Claude of France, inherited the Duchy of Brittany directly in her own right (suo jure) before Louis's death. [57] He is commemorated by the Tomb of Louis XII and Anne of Brittany. Francis I (French: François I ; Middle French: Francoys; 12 September 1494 – 31 March 1547) was King of France from 1515 until his death in 1547. In spite of his military and diplomatic failures, Louis proved to be a popular king. On January 1, 1515, Louis XII also died and was succeeded to the throne of France by his son-in-law, Francis I. Francis I continued Louis XII's war against the Holy League in Italy by leading a French and Venetian Army against the Swiss and routing them at Marignano on September 13–14, 1515. Louis did not, as one might have expected, argue the marriage to be void due to consanguinity (the general allowance for the dissolution of a marriage at that time). In 1505, King Louis XII fell ill and instructed that his daughter Claude be engaged to Francis I. The city of Genoa agreed to the appointment of Philip of Cleves, a cousin of Louis XII, as its new governor. [33] With French troops already near Pavia, a short distance west of the city of Milan, Lodovico Sforza determined that it was useless to continue resisting the French. [4], Louis XI, who had become king of France in 1461, became highly distrustful of the close relationship between the Orleanists and the Burgundians and began to oppose the idea of an Orleanist ever coming to the throne of France. As noted above, these reforms had been proposed at the meeting of the Estates General in 1484. [3] The son of Charles, Duke of Orléans, and Marie of Cleves, he succeeded his father as Duke of Orléans in the year 1465. The succession to the throne of France followed Salic Law, which did not allow women to inherit the throne. After becoming king in 1499, Louis XII pursued his ambition to claim Milan in what is known as the "Great Italian War" (1499–1504) or "King Louis XII's War". [33] Louis XII, staying in Lyon, heard about the surrender of Milan on 17 September 1499. © Copyright 2021 History Today Ltd. Company no. 1 January 1515), called "the Father of the People" (French: Le Père du Peuple) was king of France and the sole monarch from the Valois-Orléans branch of the House of Valois. Francis became Francis I of France and he was crowned on 25th January 1515. He appears in Book 3 of François Rabelais ' Pantagrueline chronicles. Likewise, Louis could not argue that he had been below the legal age of consent (fourteen) to marry: no one was certain when he had been born, with Louis claiming to have been twelve at the time, and others ranging in their estimates between eleven and thirteen. [9] All three of the estates were in agreement on the demand for an end to the sale of government offices. Download Image of France, 1500-1575. On 11 November 1500, Ferdinand II and Louis XII signed the Treaty of Granada,[42] which brought Spain into Italian politics in a big way for the first time. [9] All church prelates within France would be appointed by the King of France without reference to the pope. [27], With Maximillian I neutralized, Louis wanted to turn his attention to King Henry VII of England. The French repeated the episode at Annone, the next fortified town on the road to the city of Milan. … Each estate brought its chief complaints to the Estates General in hopes to have some impact on the policies that the new King would pursue. The succession to the ducal crown of Brittany followed semi-Salic tradition, allowing women to inherit the crown in their own right (suo jure). One opponent in particular was Spain. Sforza was welcomed back into the city by a joyous crowd of his supporters on 5 February 1500. [24] Louis, the current Duke of Orleans and future King Louis XII, joined Charles VIII on this campaign. Louis XII claimed the throne of Naples and pursuant to the sharing agreement with Ferdinand II shared half the income of Naples with Spain. The elder daughter, Claude (1499–1524), was betrothed by her mother's arrangement to the future Emperor Charles V in 1501. Jean the Good, duke of Normandy Philippe, duke of Orléans Issue of Jean II the Good of France . [41] The diversion to Pisa and the failure there emboldened opponents of the French in Italy. The deputies represented three different "estates" in society. Now the French reopened the trade in grain, setting off a decade of prosperity in Milan. He had, however, arranged for the marriage of his daughter to his cousin Francis, who became king after Louis XII died. [33], Marshal Trivulzio now became aware that the Venetian army, allies of the Duchy of Milan, were crossing into the Duchy from the east in an attempt to aid the Milanese army before it was too late. At the royal victory in the Battle of Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier in 1488, Louis was captured, but Charles VIII pardoned him and released him. However, Henry was then pursuing a marriage between his eldest son, Arthur, and Catherine of Aragon, the Infanta of Spain. The presence of several French garrisons in southern Italy, the remnants of Charles VIII's first invasion of Italy, provided Louis XII with a toehold in southern Italy from which he hoped to enforce his claim to the Kingdom of Naples. Louis, the current Duke of Orleans and future Louis XII, attended as part of the Second Estate. Having made this first mistake, he was forced into others. [31] Now he could put it to use. Artists were welcome at the French court. Anne opposed this marriage, which took place only after her death in 1514. The First Estate (the Church) wanted a return to the "Pragmatic Sanction". [6] He was succeeded to the throne of France by his thirteen-year-old son, Charles VIII. Louis, who remained Duke of Milan after the second Italian War, was interested in further expansion in the Italian Peninsula and launched a third Italian War (1508–1516), which was marked by the military prowess of the Chevalier de Bayard. Had the Papacy been a neutral party, Joan would likely have won, for Louis's case was exceedingly weak. By the time Trémoille reached the forts west of Milan where Marshal Trivulzio and his force were holding out, the French army had swollen to 30,000 men by recruitment along the way. 1 January 1515), called "the Father of the People" (French: Le Père du Peuple) was king of France and the sole monarch from the Valois-Orléans branch of the House of Valois. The Valois-Orléans family later acceded to the throne of France via Louis XII then Francis I. Orléans-Wikipedia As the Treaty of Senlis had resolved French differences with the Holy Roman Empire, King Louis XII of France had secured borders in the north and turned his attention to Italy, where he made claims for the Duchy of Milan . This allowed enough freedom for Louis XII to start negotiating with Scotland for an alliance. However, during the remainder of Charles VIII's reign, the army had been allowed to deteriorate through neglect. The annulment, described as "one of the seamiest lawsuits of the age", was not simple. [29] In exchange, Louis promised to protect the Confederation from any aggression from Maximillian and the Holy Roman Empire. As a result, Louis XII was succeeded by Francis I. [56] Louis was interred in Saint Denis Basilica. But after Anne failed to produce a living son, Louis dissolved the betrothal and betrothed Claude to his heir presumptive, Francis of Angoulême, thereby insuring that Brittany would remain united with France. In 1494, the Pisans successfully overthrew the Florentine governors of the city. [23] Fines and loss of office were prescribed for violations of this ordinance. The Second Estate was composed of the nobility and the royalty of France. Pursuing the claim to the Kingdom of Naples had become politically impossible until some of the opponents were neutralized. Claude of France (13 October 1499 – 20 July 1524) was a queen consort of France by marriage to Francis I.She was also ruling Duchess of Brittany from 1514. To meet his budget after having reduced taxes, Louis XII reduced the pensions for the nobility and for foreign princes. Following this, a 15-year-old Claude and 20-year-old Francis were married on 18th May 1514 at Saint-Germain-En-Laye. In 1507 Francis was betrothed to Claude, the daughter of Louis and in 1508 he came to court. When Louis XII died he had no sons. He immediately left Lyon and on 6 October 1499, Louis XII made his triumphant entry into Milan. To continue reading this article you will need to purchase access to the online archive. As a result, Louis XII was succeeded by Francis I. Royal biographies constitute a historical genre of their own, for various reasons. Francis I reigned in the last brilliant years of the Renaissance. This time, however, Sforza was captured[38] and spent the rest of his life in a French prison. This represented a final attempt to produce an heir to his throne, for despite two previous marriages the king had no living sons. However, things became much more difficult in 1510, when the army of Pope Julius II intervened. Meanwhile, Ludovico Sforza had been gathering an army, mainly among the Swiss, to take Milan back. Louis de Orleans was defeated in the Mad War rebellion of 1485-1488 against King Charles VIII of France, but served as a general during the Italian Warsand succeeded Charles as king in 1498. Accordingly, Marshal Trivulzio marched his army to Pavia, the last fortified town in the Duchy of Milan. After Louis XII's predecessor Charles VIII died childless, Louis' marriage was annulled in order to allow him to marry Charles’ widow, the former Queen-Consort, Anne of Brittany (1477–1514), who was the daughter and heiress of Francis II of Brittany, in a strategy meant to integrate the duchy of Brittany into the French monarchy. Accordingly, a French army including 600 knights and 6,000 Swiss infantrymen under the command of Sire de Beaumont was sent to Pisa. The Pope was pleased and enthusiastically issued a bull naming the two kings – Louis XII of France and Ferdinand II of Spain – as the Pope's vassals in Naples. [26] Accordingly, even before he became King of France, Louis began to claim the Duchy of Milan as his own inheritance, which should have come to his by right of his paternal grandmother Valentina Visconti. Mary Tudor during her brief period as Queen of France. Francis' mother was Louise of Savoy, who descended from a younger branch of the ruling house of Savoy and from the French noble house of Bourbon. Louis XII of France (27 June 1462-1 January 1515) was the King of France from 1498 to 1515, succeeding Charles VIII of France and preceding Francis I of France. His fiscal reforms of 1504 and 1508 tightened and improved procedures for the collection of taxes. [11] Allied with Francis II, Duke of Brittany, Louis confronted the royal army at the Battle of Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier on 28 July 1488 but was defeated and captured. Louis XII did not have a surviving son so he was succeeded by his nearest male relative, Francis of Angoulême. Francis I (French: François I er; Middle French: Francoys; 12 September 1494 – 31 March 1547) was King of France from 1515 until his death in 1547. Actually, Louis was merely seeking to revive the Auld Alliance between France and Scotland that had been in existence since King Philippe IV of France first recognised Robert the Bruce (1306–1329) as King of Scotland in 1309. In 1512 he gained his first military experience in Guienne, and in the following year he commanded the army of Picardy. Louis XII’s successor, Francis I (r. 1515— 1547), was badly defeated by the largely Spanish Habsburg forces at Pavia in 1525 and was himself taken prisoner and held in Madrid until he signed a treaty giving up all the Valois Italian claims and ceding the duchy of Burgundy. Francis I made expeditions to Italy and brought Leoanrdo da Vinci to France King Louis XII 1462 - 1515. (Herzog von Niederbayern-Straubing), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_XII&oldid=1005198256, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2015, Articles needing additional references from July 2019, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Père Anselme records that in 1501 King Louis XII sent “, The Journal de Louise de Savoie records that “, As Duke of Orleans, he is a recurring character in, This page was last edited on 6 February 2021, at 13:22.